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Management of mould pneumonia in resource-limited settings in Asia: A Delphi-based consensus statement by the Asia

Methee Chayakulkeeree1, Ban Hock Tan2, Yee-Chun Chen3,4

  • 1Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.

Medical Mycology
|November 18, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Mould pneumonia is a growing threat in Asia. This study developed consensus statements for its diagnosis and management, especially in resource-limited Asian settings.

Area of Science:

  • Medical Mycology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pulmonology

Background:

  • Mould pneumonia poses a significant, increasing health risk in Asia.
  • Diagnostic and treatment resources for mould pneumonia vary widely, particularly in resource-limited regions.
  • Current clinical management practices and recommendations for mould pneumonia in Asia are not well-defined.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a consensus statement for the clinical management of mould pneumonia in Asia.
  • To address the specific challenges of diagnosis and treatment in resource-limited Asian settings.

Main Methods:

  • A Delphi-based methodology was employed, involving clinicians and infectious disease experts from the Asia Fungal Working Group.
  • Panelists anonymously answered questionnaires on epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of mould pneumonia.
  • Two rounds of anonymous voting and a five-point Likert scale were used to reach consensus on 21 statements.

Main Results:

  • Twenty-one summary statements were generated covering epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of mould pneumonia.
  • Twenty statements achieved a consensus of 70% or higher among the expert panelists.
  • The consensus focused on diagnosis and management strategies applicable to resource-limited settings.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive set of 21 consensus statements for diagnosing and managing mould pneumonia in Asia was developed.
  • These statements provide crucial guidance for clinicians, particularly in resource-limited environments.
  • The consensus addresses the increasing incidence and challenges associated with mould pneumonia in the region.
Keywords:
antifungal agentsaspergillosismucormycosispneumoniarespiratory tract infections

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