Research progress in the construction and application of immunotherapy resistance models

The establishment and application of immunotherapy resistance models provide crucial tools and conceptual frameworks for better understanding resistance mechanisms, simulating and solving the immunotherapeutic drug resistance challenges faced by clinics, and validating drug efficacy and safety. This review comprehensively summarizes the current construction methods and applications of immunotherapeutic resistance models, while discussing the characteristic features and underlying resistance mechanisms of these models. With the aim of identifying strategies for constructing tumor immunotherapy resistance models that more closely recapitulate clinical scenarios, we provide mechanistic insights to facilitate the enhancement of immunotherapy sensitivity and advance the development of novel antitumor agents.