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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Illness01:18

Factors Affecting Illness

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When a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social development or spiritual functioning is compromised, this deviation from a healthy normal state is called illness. Illness creates stress that in turn harms individuals. Irritation, anger, denial, hopelessness, and fear are behavioral and emotional changes an individual experiences in the phases of illness. A variety of factors influence a person's health and well-being.
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The meaning of illness is individualized to each person who experiences an alteration in health. In contrast, disease is a medical term indicating a pathological change in the structure and function of the body or mind. It is a condition that has specific symptoms and boundaries.
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The person's health status fluctuates continually, varying from being in good health to becoming ill and returning to being healthy. To understand the concept of illness prevention, there are two models. First, the health-illness continuum model is a graphic representation of an individual's wellness. It states that a person is considered healthy in the absence of physical disease and the presence of good emotional health.
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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Measuring Frailty in HIV-infected Individuals. Identification of Frail Patients is the First Step to Amelioration and Reversal of Frailty
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HIV patient biopsychosocial complexity - Fixed or modifiable?

Kim Begley1, Don Smith1,2, Handan Wand3

  • 1The Albion Centre, Surry Hills, NSW, Australia.

International Journal of STD & AIDS
|November 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Clinical complexity in people living with HIV (PLHIV) can decrease over time. The Clinical Complexity Rating Scale for HIV (CCRS-HIV) effectively tracks these changes, showing modifiable factors in HIV care.

Keywords:
BiopsychosocialComorbidityHIV

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Area of Science:

  • Medical research
  • Clinical psychology
  • Public health

Background:

  • Biopsychosocial comorbidities frequently complicate chronic illnesses such as HIV.
  • The Clinical Complexity Rating Scale for HIV (CCRS-HIV) was developed to identify these contributing factors.
  • Understanding the temporal dynamics of clinical complexity in HIV is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the change in clinical complexity over time in people living with HIV (PLHIV).
  • To assess the utility of the Clinical Complexity Rating Scale for HIV (CCRS-HIV) in tracking these changes.
  • To identify factors influencing the modifiability of clinical complexity in HIV.

Main Methods:

  • Patients at The Albion Centre were assessed twice using the CCRS-HIV.
  • Analysis included changes in total and subscale scores, and odds of high complexity.
  • The influence of age and time between assessments was examined.

Main Results:

  • A significant decrease in total CCRS-HIV scores was observed from the first to the second assessment.
  • Improvements were noted across psychological/behavioral, social, and biomedical subscales.
  • Participants were less likely to be classified as complex at the second assessment, with longer intervals correlating with greater improvement.

Conclusions:

  • Clinical complexity in people living with HIV (PLHIV) is not static and can be reduced.
  • The CCRS-HIV is a valuable tool for assessing and monitoring clinical complexity in HIV care.
  • These findings support interventions aimed at mitigating biopsychosocial factors impacting PLHIV.