Nanobiosensors for Key Inflammatory Mediators: Cytokines, Histamine, and Prostaglandins

Biosensors have emerged as pivotal tools in the detection and quantification of inflammatory mediators, which play a crucial role in various pathological conditions. This review focuses on nanomaterial-based approaches that enhance the sensitivity, specificity, and overall performance of biosensors in identifying key inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins, C-reactive protein (CRP), and leukotrienes. Nanomaterials, such as nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanosheets, offer unique properties like high surface area, tunable electronic characteristics, and biocompatibility, making them ideal candidates for biosensor applications. We discuss various strategies for integrating nanomaterials into biosensor platforms, including electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric methods, highlighting their advantages in real-time monitoring and point-of-care diagnostics. Furthermore, we explore recent advancements in the design and fabrication of nanomaterial-based biosensors, emphasizing their potential in clinical settings for early diagnosis and management of inflammatory diseases. This review aims to provide insights into the current state of research and future directions in the field, underscoring the transformative impact of nanotechnology on biosensing applications for inflammatory mediators.