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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 11, 2026

A Spine Robotic-Assisted Navigation System for Pedicle Screw Placement
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Spine Surgery in Space.

Dion Birhiray, Abdullah Ghali, Trey Philipp

    Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance
    |November 18, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Risk Analysis Index Outperforms Modified Frailty Index-5 for Predicting Adverse Outcomes Following Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion in a National Cohort of 2806 Patients With Active Smoking Status.

    Clinical spine surgery·2026

    Space missions pose risks to astronaut spine health, increasing surgical needs. This review explores challenges and countermeasures for in-orbit spine surgery, paving the way for astronaut safety during long-duration spaceflight.

    Area of Science:

    • Aerospace Medicine
    • Spinal Surgery
    • Physiology

    Background:

    • Microgravity exposure alters spinal biomechanics, heightening risks of disc herniation and complicating surgical care.
    • The increasing frequency of space missions necessitates the development of in-orbit surgical capabilities to ensure astronaut health.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review current literature on spinal physiology, pathology, and surgical feasibility in microgravity.
    • To identify challenges and potential solutions for performing spine surgery in space.

    Main Methods:

    • A comprehensive narrative review of studies from PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar up to November 2024.
    • Inclusion criteria focused on human, animal, and in vitro studies related to spinal health in actual or simulated microgravity.
    Keywords:
    astronaut spinal healthmicrogravity-induced physiological changesorthopedic challenges in microgravityspine surgery in microgravity

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    Last Updated: Jan 11, 2026

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    Main Results:

    • Microgravity causes spinal elongation, disc swelling, bone loss, and muscle atrophy, increasing spinal morbidity.
    • Key challenges for in-orbit spine surgery include fluid management, sterility, imaging, anesthesia, and hemodynamic control.
    • Potential countermeasures include bisphosphonates, exercise, robotic assistance, and teleoperation.

    Conclusions:

    • Physiological and logistical barriers to operative care in space are identifiable.
    • Tele-robotic platforms and augmented reality, combined with musculoskeletal countermeasures, offer a viable path for safe spine surgery in space.
    • Further research and on-orbit validation are crucial before clinical implementation.