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Predictive Value of Left Atrial Strain for Atrial High-Rate Episodes in Patients With Permanent Cardiac Pacing
Gabriele Dell'Era1, Domenico D'Amario1,2, Leonardo Grisafi1
1Maggiore Della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy.
Insights
Left atrial strain (LAS) contraction is a strong predictor of atrial high-rate episodes (AHREs) in pacemaker patients. Low LAS contraction (<10.2%) indicates a high risk for AHREs, aiding in patient management.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Cardiac Electrophysiology
- Echocardiography
Background:
- Atrial high-rate episodes (AHREs) detected by pacemakers predict future atrial fibrillation.
- Risk stratification for AHREs is crucial for patient management.
- Left atrial strain (LAS) parameters may indicate atrial mechanical dysfunction but require further validation for AHRE prediction.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the predictive value of pre-implant left atrial strain (LAS) parameters for the occurrence of atrial high-rate episodes (AHREs) in patients undergoing pacemaker implantation.
- To determine if LAS contraction is a superior predictor of AHREs compared to LAS reservoir.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective, single-center study of 269 patients undergoing pacemaker implantation.
- Pre-implant echocardiography to measure LAS parameters.
- AHREs defined as asymptomatic episodes with atrial rate >175 bpm lasting ≥5 min, detected by pacemaker evaluation.
Main Results:
- Left atrial strain (LAS) contraction demonstrated superior predictive value for AHREs (AUC 0.75) compared to LAS reservoir (AUC 0.63).
- A LAS contraction cutoff of 10.2% showed 77% sensitivity, 64% specificity, and 90% negative predictive value for AHREs.
- LAS contraction <10.2% was an independent predictor of AHREs (aHR 5.0) and associated with higher AHRE incidence (45% vs. 10%).
Conclusions:
- Pre-implant left atrial strain (LAS) contraction is an independent predictor of future AHRE development in pacemaker patients.
- LAS contraction offers a high negative predictive value, identifying individuals at low risk for AHREs.
- Echocardiographic evaluation of LAS contraction can be a valuable clinical tool for AHRE risk stratification.
Background:
Atrial high-rate episodes (AHREs) detected by cardiac implantable electronic devices are associated with a higher risk of developing subsequent atrial fibrillation. Thus, risk stratification for AHREs is essential to guide patient management and improve outcome. Left atrial strain (LAS) parameters have been proposed as markers of atrial mechanical dysfunction, but their predictive value for AHRE prediction is not definitely established.
Methods:
We performed a retrospective, single-center study on consecutive patients undergoing pacemaker implantation. Pre-implant echocardiographic assessment included the measurement of LAS parameters. AHREs were defined as asymptomatic episodes with atrial rate > 175 bpm lasting ≥ 5 min by pacemaker evaluation. Primary endpoint was the predictive accuracy of LAS values for AHRE occurrence during follow-up.
Results:
A total of 269 patients (age 78.0 ± 11.2 years; CHA₂DS₂-VASc score 3.8 ± 1.6) were included. Median follow-up was 28 months. ROC analysis showed that LAS contraction had superior predictive value for AHREs than LAS reservoir (AUC 0.75 vs. 0.63, p = 0.001). A 10.2% cutoff of LAS contraction had sensitivity of 77%, specificity of 64%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 90% for AHRE occurrence. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a higher AHRE incidence in patients with LAS contraction < 10.2% (45% vs. 10% in those with LAS contraction ≥ 10.2%; log-rank p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis confirmed LAS contraction < 10.2% as an independent predictor of AHREs (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 5.0 (95% CI 2.7-9.3); p < 0.001). The risk increase was even higher when a LAS contraction < 10.2% was associated with age ≥ 70 years (aHR 16.3; 95% CI 2.0-131.7; p = 0.009).
Conclusions:
In patients with a permanent pacemaker, pre-implant LAS contraction by echocardiography is an independent predictor of future AHRE development, with a very high NPV. The evaluation of LAS contraction may represent a valuable tool for identifying in clinical practice those individuals at low risk for AHREs.
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