Effects of Photobiomodulation on Nervous System Disorders: A Narrative Review

Introduction: Photobiomodulation (PBM), also known as low-level laser therapy (LLLT), has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy for various nervous system disorders. Its biological effects on neural tissue are primarily mediated by the absorption of light by mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), leading to increased ATP synthesis and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These upstream processes consequently activate kinases and release second messengers, ultimately influencing the structure and function of the nervous system. This narrative review aims to summarize the current understanding of the effects of PBM on nervous system disorders by assembling findings from both preclinical and clinical studies. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of Google Scholar, PubMed, and Medline databases using keywords such as "low-level laser therapy," "photobiomodulation," and "nervous system diseases" to identify relevant studies. Results: The review compiles findings on the application of PBM in a range of central and peripheral nervous system disorders, highlighting the diverse ways in which PBM has been explored for neural tissue stimulation and modulation. Conclusion: The evidence we have compiled indicates that PBM is a non-invasive treatment option for nervous system disorders, showing its potential to bring about positive biological changes. Further research is required to optimize PBM protocols and clarify its long-term efficacy and safety in various neurological conditions.