Simulation models in direct ophthalmoscopy education: a systematic review.

Area of Science:

• Ophthalmology
• Medical Simulation
• Medical Education

Background:

• Direct ophthalmoscopy simulation devices are increasingly prevalent.
• The effectiveness of current simulation designs and components remains unevaluated.
• This review addresses the need to assess direct ophthalmoscopy simulation models.

Purpose of the Study:

• To systematically review and evaluate direct ophthalmoscopy simulation models.
• To identify effective simulation components for ophthalmoscopy training.
• To highlight challenges associated with using ophthalmoscopy simulation models.

Main Methods:

• A systematic literature review adhering to PRISMA guidelines was performed.
• Searches were conducted across Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science.
• Validity and effectiveness were assessed using established frameworks for simulation-based outcomes.

Main Results:

• 37 studies were analyzed, describing physical, digital, and virtual reality models.
• Common models included plastic canisters, painted fundi spheres, and the EyeSi simulator.
• Simulation enables repeated practice without patient discomfort, though realism is a limitation.

Conclusions:

• Further evidence is needed to confirm the efficacy of direct ophthalmoscopy simulation designs.
• Advancements in technology are expected to enhance realism and affordability.
• Simulation-based teaching for direct ophthalmoscopy is poised for increased effectiveness.