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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
2.9K
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

1.5K
Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are...
1.5K
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

1.4K
In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
1.4K
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

1.7K
The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
1.7K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

1.6K
Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
1.6K
¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

2.6K
The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene...
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Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Use of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance in Biological Samples at Ambient Temperature and 77 K
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Use of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance in Biological Samples at Ambient Temperature and 77 K

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Biological J-Coupling Spectroscopy at Low Magnetic Field.

Gonzalo G Rodriguez1,2, Charlotte von Petersdorff-Campen1,2, Sergey Korchak1,2

  • 1NMR Signal Enhancement Group Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences Am Fassberg 11 37077 Göttingen Germany.

Small Science
|November 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Low-field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy now resolves cellular metabolism. This advance uses J-coupling spectroscopy and parahydrogen-induced polarization for benchtop analysis of cancer cell pyruvate metabolism.

Keywords:
J‐couplingcellular metabolismhyperpolarizationlow-field MRImagnetic resonance imagingparahydrogenpyruvate

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysical Chemistry
  • Metabolomics
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is crucial for biological systems research.
  • Low-field NMR offers advantages for in vitro cellular metabolism studies, reducing equipment size and cost.
  • Challenges in low-field NMR include reduced chemical shifts and complex J-couplings, hindering spectral analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To overcome spectral analysis challenges in low-field NMR for cellular metabolism.
  • To develop a method for studying cellular metabolism at milli-Tesla magnetic fields.
  • To enable high-throughput, benchtop analysis of biological samples.

Main Methods:

  • Combined J-coupling spectroscopy with parahydrogen-induced polarization.
  • Utilized an in-house built multinuclear scanner.
  • Analyzed [2-13C]pyruvate metabolism in cancer cells using regular NMR tubes.

Main Results:

  • Successfully resolved pyruvate metabolism in cancer cells at milli-Tesla fields.
  • Demonstrated the effectiveness of the combined spectroscopic techniques.
  • Achieved spectral analysis in standard NMR tubes, suitable for benchtop research.

Conclusions:

  • Low-field biological J-coupling spectroscopy is a valuable tool for cellular metabolism studies.
  • This approach provides new insights into biological systems.
  • Enables accessible, cost-effective, and high-throughput metabolic analysis.