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Related Concept Videos

Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Viral Mutations00:36

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Vaccinations01:51

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Production of High-Titer Infectious Influenza Pseudotyped Particles with Envelope Glycoproteins from Highly Pathogenic H5N1 and Avian H7N9 Viruses
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Production of High-Titer Infectious Influenza Pseudotyped Particles with Envelope Glycoproteins from Highly Pathogenic H5N1 and Avian H7N9 Viruses

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Fatal Human H3N8 Influenza Virus has a Moderate Pandemic Risk.

Valerie Le Sage1,2, Michelle N Vu3, Maria A Maltepes4

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|November 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H3N8 virus poses a moderate pandemic risk, as evidenced by human infections and efficient replication in human cells. Continued surveillance is crucial for managing this avian influenza strain.

Keywords:
H3N8low pathogenic avian influenza viruspre-existing immunitytransmission

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H3N8 is prevalent in China's chicken population.
  • Recent zoonotic H3N8 infections, including a fatal 2023 case, highlight public health concerns.
  • Limited pre-existing human immunity to H3N8 necessitates risk assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the pandemic potential of the 2023 zoonotic H3N8 influenza virus.
  • To assess human population susceptibility and viral characteristics relevant to zoonotic transmission.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a previously established decision tree for pandemic risk evaluation.
  • Conducted serological analysis to determine cross-neutralizing antibody prevalence.
  • Assessed viral binding affinity to sialic acids (α2-3 and α2-6).
  • Evaluated viral replication in human bronchial epithelial cells.
  • Studied H3N8 transmission in ferrets with pre-existing H3N2 immunity.

Main Results:

  • A significant portion of the human population lacks cross-neutralizing antibodies against H3N8.
  • LPAI H3N8 exhibits dual sialic acid receptor binding and replicates effectively in human bronchial cells.
  • H3N8 transmitted via direct contact in ferrets, but not aerosols, irrespective of H3N2 immunity.
  • Pre-existing H3N2 immunity shortened disease duration but did not decrease severity or viral replication in ferrets.

Conclusions:

  • The zoonotic H3N8 strain demonstrates moderate pandemic potential.
  • Findings underscore the importance of ongoing avian influenza surveillance to mitigate risks.
  • Further research into H3N8's zoonotic capabilities and transmission dynamics is warranted.