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    Area of Science:

    • Developmental Biology
    • Bioelectricity
    • Tissue Morphogenesis

    Background:

    • Bioelectricity is vital for embryonic tissue development.
    • A standing electrical current loop, involving calcium channels at the tip, shapes feather buds.
    • The role of potassium channels in the current loop was previously uncharacterized.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the role of potassium channels in feather bud development.
    • To determine if potassium channels facilitate outward current flow at the feather bud base.
    • To understand the impact of potassium channel function on feather patterning and morphology.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing potassium channel blockers on developing chick skin.
    • Conducting bioelectric characterization of feather buds.
    • Performing in situ hybridization for feather bud markers (beta-catenin, Sonic Hedgehog).

    Main Results:

    • Potassium channel blockers transformed periodic feather primordia into horizontal stripes.
    • Bud aspect ratios were altered due to disrupted elongation.
    • The entire electrical current loop, including inward current at the tip, was affected.
    • Expression of beta-catenin and Sonic Hedgehog was reduced.

    Conclusions:

    • Potassium channels are essential for the outward current in the feather bud loop.
    • Disruption of ion channel function alters feather patterning and 3D architecture.
    • Multiscale ion channel interplay is critical for skin morphogenesis and feather development.