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Qiang Li1, Jingyu Liu1,2, Vince D Calhoun1,2

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Brain entropy, a measure of brain activity complexity, is linked to specific neurochemicals and cell types. This study reveals how these molecular features are altered in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Molecular Imaging

Background:

  • Brain entropy quantifies intrinsic neural activity complexity.
  • Links between brain entropy and cognitive function/psychiatric disorders are established.
  • The relationship between brain entropy and neurochemical/cellular architecture is poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between brain entropy and the brain's molecular architecture.
  • To identify neurochemical and cellular correlates of brain entropy.
  • To understand how these relationships are altered in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of molecular imaging and neuroimaging datasets.
  • Analysis of spatial distribution of cell types, neurotransmitter systems, and mitochondrial phenotypes.
  • Comparison of entropy correlations between healthy controls, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder groups.

Main Results:

  • Systematic relationships observed between brain entropy and cell types, neurotransmitter systems, and mitochondrial phenotypes.
  • Significant differences in entropy correlations for mu-opioid and dopamine D1 receptors (schizophrenia vs. controls).
  • Significant differences in entropy correlations for norepinephrine transporter (NAT) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (bipolar disorder vs. controls).
  • Widespread alterations in mitochondrial markers, glial cells, and inhibitory neurons in both clinical groups compared to controls.
  • No significant differences in the neurotransmitter domain between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Conclusions:

  • Brain entropy is not randomly distributed but is systematically related to specific neurochemical systems and cellular features.
  • Alterations in brain entropy in psychiatric disorders are linked to disruptions in energy metabolism, neuroinflammation, and inhibitory regulation.
  • This study provides a systems-level view of brain entropy, linking molecular architecture to neural complexity and its alterations in psychosis.