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Related Concept Videos

Kidney Structure01:45

Kidney Structure

74.7K
The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.
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Internal Anatomy of the Kidney01:12

Internal Anatomy of the Kidney

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The kidneys are essential organs in the human body, performing a myriad of tasks that maintain homeostasis and overall health.
Anatomical Position and Dimensions
The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs positioned against the posterior abdominal wall on either side of the spine, roughly between the twelfth thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae. Each kidney is typically 10-12 cm long, 5-6 cm wide, and 3-4 cm thick, weighing about 150 grams.
Renal Cortex
The outermost region of the kidney is the...
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Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies01:28

Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies

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Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) StudiesKidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) studies are standard diagnostic imaging procedures used to assess the anatomy of the urinary system. They are commonly utilized for patients experiencing abdominal pain or urinary symptoms. By using a simple X-ray of the abdomen, KUB studies can reveal structural and pathological abnormalities within the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. These studies are particularly valuable in diagnosing kidney stones, urinary...
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Renal Corpuscle01:20

Renal Corpuscle

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The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are two essential components of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. These microscopic structures play a critical role in the process of blood filtration to produce urine.
Glomerulus: Structure and Function
The glomerulus is a tiny, intricate network of capillaries located at the beginning of the nephron. It's enveloped by the Bowman's capsule and receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole, which divides into numerous...
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External Anatomy of the Kidney01:21

External Anatomy of the Kidney

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The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs in the human body that play a critical role in maintaining overall health. They filter out waste products from the blood, regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, and stimulate the production of red blood cells.
The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space on either side of the vertebral column, protected posteriorly by the 11th and 12th ribs. The right kidney sits slightly lower than the left owing to the presence of the liver...
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Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct01:24

Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct

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The renal tubule is divided into three parts: the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the Loop of Henle (LOH), and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT):
The PCT is the initial segment of the renal tubule, extending from the Bowman's capsule that encloses the glomerulus. Its convoluted structure and microvilli-lined cells increase the surface area for reabsorption. The PCT reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, sodium, and water from the filtrate, ensuring essential...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Whole-Kidney Three-Dimensional Staining with CUBIC
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Whole-Kidney Three-Dimensional Staining with CUBIC

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Nephrobase Cell+: Multimodal Single-Cell Foundation Model for Decoding Kidney Biology.

Chenyu Li, Elias Ziyadeh, Yash Sharma

    Arxiv
    |November 19, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Nephrobase Cell+ is the first kidney-specific foundation model, outperforming existing methods in single-cell kidney analysis. This advanced model enables robust, cross-species comparisons for kidney genomics research.

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    Area of Science:

    • Single-cell genomics
    • Computational biology
    • Biomedical data science

    Background:

    • Foundation models have advanced single-cell analysis, but a kidney-specific model is lacking.
    • Existing models struggle with the kidney's complex cellularity, batch effects, and cross-species data integration.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop the first kidney-focused large foundation model.
    • To assess if organ-specific models surpass generalized models for kidney data.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed Nephrobase Cell+, a transformer-based encoder-decoder model.
    • Pretrained on ~100 billion tokens from ~39.5 million single-cell/nucleus profiles.
    • Incorporated gene-token cross-attention and a mixture-of-experts module.

    Main Results:

    • Nephrobase Cell+ achieved superior embeddings for human and mouse kidney cells.
    • Demonstrated high cluster concordance and effective batch effect removal.
    • Showcased >90% zero-shot annotation accuracy and strong cross-species alignment.

    Conclusions:

    • Nephrobase Cell+ provides a unified, high-fidelity representation of kidney biology.
    • The model is robust, cross-species transferable, and superior to existing foundation models.
    • Offers a powerful resource for kidney genomics and disease research.