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Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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Updated: Jan 11, 2026

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Developing couple‑centered nursing interventions for male infertility: a mixed-methods protocol.

Mehrdad Abdullahzadeh1, Zohreh Vanaki2, Eesa Mohammadi1

  • 1Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-331, Tehran, 1411713116, Iran.

Reproductive Health
|November 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study developed a culturally sensitive nursing intervention for infertile couples in Iran, addressing men's psychosocial needs. The intervention showed promise in improving quality of life and relationship adjustment, offering a replicable model for global infertility care.

Keywords:
Couple-centered careCulturally responsive careGrounded theoryMale infertilityMixed-methods researchNursing interventionPsychosocial supportQuality of lifeRandomized controlled trialReproductive health services

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Nursing Intervention
  • Mixed-Methods Research

Background:

  • Infertility affects 1 in 6 couples globally, with male factors in half of cases.
  • Men's psychosocial and relational needs in infertility are often overlooked, particularly in cultures with stigma.
  • Existing reproductive health services frequently neglect the specific needs of men and couples experiencing infertility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and pilot a culturally responsive, couple-centered nursing intervention for infertile couples in Iran.
  • To address the under-recognized psychosocial challenges faced by men and couples dealing with infertility.
  • To create a replicable framework for equitable and holistic infertility care.

Main Methods:

  • A three-phase, sequential mixed-methods approach was employed.
  • Phase I: Grounded theory interviews to identify psychosocial challenges.
  • Phase II: Theory synthesis for a conceptual care model and intervention framework.
  • Phase III: Randomized controlled trial to assess feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary outcomes (FertiQoL, WHO-5, R-DAS).

Main Results:

  • The study successfully developed a culturally attuned intervention framework.
  • Preliminary outcomes indicated potential improvements in fertility-related quality of life, psychological well-being, and relationship adjustment.
  • Feasibility and acceptability of the intervention were assessed in the target population.

Conclusions:

  • The study addresses a critical gap in reproductive health by integrating qualitative and quantitative methods.
  • The developed intervention offers a culturally responsive and adaptable model for holistic infertility care.
  • This work supports international calls for addressing the psychosocial needs of men and couples in reproductive health services.