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Updated: Jan 6, 2026

An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain PPOP
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[Pain relief during childbirth: epidural analgesia, remifentanil or nitrous oxide?]

Esmée S E TabernéeHeijtmeijer1, Jaap Jan Vos2, Liv M Freeman3

  • 1UMCG, Groningen. Afd. Gynaecologie & Obstetrie.

Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde
|November 19, 2025
PubMed

Pain relief during labor is a critical aspect of obstetric care, balancing maternal comfort with neonatal safety. With the increasing use, questions arise regarding the available pharmaceutical pain relief options and their obstetric, anesthetic, and neonatal implications. This article discusses two cases involving epidural analgesia and briefly reviews remifentanil and nitrous oxide, including their mechanisms, side effects, and implications. Epidural analgesia remains the gold standard for labor pain management due to its effectiveness and safety. Although it generally causes only mild and well-manageable side effects without clinical consequences, it remains an invasive technique that can, in rare cases, lead to (serious) complications. Remifentanil offers an alternative but with reduced efficacy and risks like respiratory depression. Nitrous oxide provides rapid pain relief but is less effective and limited by its short duration, environmental impact, healthcare personal exposure risks and uncertain neonatal effects.

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