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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules01:31

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Immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules or Ig-CAMs are a versatile group of cell surface glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin protein superfamily. Ig-CAMs possess the characteristic immunoglobulin protein domains and other domains such as the fibronectin type III domain. The Ig domains are glycosylated to varying degrees in different Ig-CAMs.
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Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

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Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

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The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
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Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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Visualization of the Immunological Synapse by Dual Color Time-gated Stimulated Emission Depletion STED Nanoscopy
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CLASP1/2 regulate immune synapse maturation in natural killer cells.

Alejandro P Pariani1,2, Victoria Huhn1, Tomás Rivabella Maknis1

  • 1Instituto de Fisiología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas (FBIOyF), UNR, Suipacha 570, Rosario 2000, Argentina.

Journal of Leukocyte Biology
|November 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

CLIP-associating proteins (CLASP) 1/2 are crucial for natural killer (NK) cell function. Depletion of CLASP1/2 impairs the immune synapse and NK cell cytotoxicity against tumors and viral infections.

Keywords:
AKAP350AKAP450Golgi apparatusLFA-1microtubules

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Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the Immune Synapse in the Human System Using Imaging Flow Cytometry
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Natural killer (NK) cells are vital for innate immunity against viral infections and tumors.
  • NK cell cytotoxic activity depends on forming an immune synapse (IS) with target cells.
  • Lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA)-1 is critical for NK-IS assembly and maturation, but its organization mechanism is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of CLIP-associating proteins (CLASP) 1/2 in NK cell immune synapse formation and function.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of LFA-1 organization at the NK-IS.
  • To explore the function of Golgi-derived microtubules (GDMTs) in NK cell cytotoxicity.

Main Methods:

  • Depletion of CLASP1/2 in NK cells.
  • Analysis of LFA-1 organization at the IS.
  • Assessment of centrosome and lytic granule polarization.
  • Evaluation of NK cell cytotoxic function.
  • Investigation of microtubule nucleation at the Golgi.

Main Results:

  • CLASP1/2 depletion disrupted LFA-1 organization at the IS.
  • CLASP1/2 deficiency inhibited centrosome and lytic granule polarization towards target cells.
  • Impaired IS maturation compromised NK cell cytotoxic function.
  • The Golgi apparatus functions as a microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) in NK cells.
  • NK cells require CLASP1/2 and AKAP350 for microtubule nucleation at the Golgi.

Conclusions:

  • CLASP1/2 proteins are essential for the maturation of the lytic immune synapse in NK cells.
  • Golgi-derived microtubules play a significant role in NK cell cytotoxic function.
  • This study highlights CLASP1/2 and GDMTs as key regulators of NK cell-mediated immunity.