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Updated: Jan 11, 2026

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Bayesian frequency metrology with optimal Ramsey interferometry in optical atomic clocks.

Timm Kielinski1, Klemens Hammerer1,2,3

  • 1Institute for Theoretical Physics, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstrasse 2, 30167 Hannover, Germany.

Reports on Progress in Physics. Physical Society (Great Britain)
|November 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study optimizes Ramsey interrogation schemes for optical atomic clocks, crucial for precision measurements. It uses a Bayesian framework to balance sensitivity and laser noise robustness for next-generation atomic clocks.

Keywords:
Bayesian estimationRamsey interferometryatomic clocksfrequency metrologyoptical atomic clocksquantum clocksquantum metrology

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Metrology
  • Quantum Information Science

Background:

  • Frequency metrology is vital for precision measurements.
  • Optical atomic clocks are leading precision measurement devices.
  • Laser noise is a primary limitation for optical atomic clocks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore Ramsey interrogation schemes for optical atomic clocks limited by laser noise.
  • To develop a theoretical framework for optimizing these schemes using a Bayesian approach.
  • To identify optimal states and strategies for enhanced sensitivity and noise robustness.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a Bayesian framework to model frequency fluctuations.
  • Analyzing fundamental bounds from Bayesian estimation theory.
  • Investigating entanglement-enhanced sensitivity versus laser noise robustness.
  • Considering various quantum states (coherent, spin-squeezed, GHZ) and variational Ramsey protocols.

Main Results:

  • Identified optimal initial states, measurement schemes, and estimation strategies.
  • Reviewed known and discovered new optimal Ramsey interrogation schemes.
  • Established a comprehensive theoretical framework for scheme optimization.
  • Provided guidance for developing next-generation optical atomic clocks.

Conclusions:

  • The developed framework offers a pathway to optimize Ramsey interrogation for optical atomic clocks.
  • This research addresses key limitations imposed by laser noise.
  • It guides the design of more precise and robust atomic clock technologies.