Identification and quantification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in wastewater from Taiwan using targeted and
Jen-Yi Hsu1, Chih-Wei Chang1, Yu-Wen Lin1
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan.
Abstract:
This study assessed per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in municipal wastewater influents in Taiwan using a high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) workflow combining targeted and non-targeted analyses. Targeted analysis detected seven PFAS above quantification, with perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS, 5.33-8.37 ng/L) at the highest levels, followed by PFHxS (1.31-2.88 ng/L), PFBS (0.88-1.26 ng/L), and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (up to 3.40 ng/L). Short-chain acids such as PFBA and PFPeA were mostly below quantification. Non-targeted screening expanded the PFAS inventory to 45 compounds, including ultra-short-chain PFAS (e.g., trifluoroacetic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid) and multiple precursors. The diversity of detected PFAS underscores the importance of integrating non-targeted strategies into wastewater monitoring. These findings provide the first nationwide PFAS profile for Taiwanese municipal wastewater and establish a baseline for future environmental surveillance and regulatory development.
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