Host immunometabolic regulation through viral sensing pathways

Viruses are intracellular pathogens that have profoundly influenced biological evolution and continue to threaten global health through outbreaks such as influenza and COVID-19. Their ability to evade host immunity stems from evolutionary adaptations that manipulate cellular defense mechanisms. A critical aspect of virus-host interactions involves cellular receptors, which facilitate viral entry and trigger immune signaling. Among these, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and other proteins serve as key sensors of viral components, coordinating immune responses while reprogramming host metabolism to sustain antiviral defenses. However, many viruses hijack these metabolic changes to enhance replication, evade immune surveillance, or dysregulate cytokine production. This review explores how host cell virus-sensitive proteins, particularly PRRs and metabolically active proteins, modulate cellular metabolism during infection, shaping immune outcomes and revealing potential therapeutic targets for antiviral intervention.