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Quarrying of Stone01:15

Quarrying of Stone

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Quarrying is the process of extracting stone from a quarry, where specialized techniques are employed to remove large blocks of stone safely and efficiently. This process can involve controlled explosions or more precision-oriented methods such as cutting and drilling.
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Types of Building Stone01:30

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Building stones, essential materials for construction, are extracted from natural rock deposits and processed into specific forms and dimensions suitable for various building applications. These stones are broadly classified into three types based on their geological formation: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
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The process of manufacturing concrete masonry units begins by mixing stiff concrete composed of Portland cement, aggregates, and water. This mixture is then poured into metal molds. To ensure the concrete settles uniformly and to avoid separation of its components, the mixture in the molds is subjected to vibration. Shortly after, the still-wet blocks are removed from the molds and placed on racks.
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Stone Masonry01:29

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Stone masonry is a construction technique that uses individual stones to build structures and can be categorized into two main types: rubble and ashlar. Rubble masonry uses uneven, naturally shaped stones such as river rocks or fragments from quarries. This method often requires the mason to select and possibly shape each stone to fit the designated space, ensuring a proper build, even with irregular stone sizes and shapes. Ashlar masonry, on the other hand, employs uniformly cut stones that...
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Deleterious Substances in Aggregate

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Deleterious substances in aggregates can be detrimental to the quality and durability of concrete. These substances include organic impurities like loam, which interfere with cement hydration and are usually present in the sand. These prevent a good bond between aggregate and cement paste. Organic impurities can be detected using the colorimetric test, where the darkness of a solution after agitation indicates the level of organic content.
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Lumber is derived from logs which are harvested, debarked, and processed into long pieces with a rectangular cross-section. The transformation of logs into lumber involves multiple steps, beginning with an automated saw that slices the log into slabs. These slabs are then transported via a conveyor belt to smaller saws, where they are cut into square-edged pieces of specific widths.
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Updated: Jan 11, 2026

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Opening the policy window: how Australia banned engineered stone.

Yonatal Tefera1,2, Kate Cole3,4, Chandnee Ramkissoon2

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Australia

Keywords:
Kingdon’s multiple streams frameworkagenda-settingartificial stoneevidence based policyoccupational health policyresearch translationsilicosis

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Area of Science:

  • Occupational Health and Safety
  • Public Policy Analysis
  • Health Regulation

Background:

  • Engineered stone (ES) ban in Australia addresses the occupational health crisis of silicosis.
  • Silicosis is an irreversible lung disease caused by crystalline silica exposure.
  • The ban, effective July 1, 2024, aims to protect workers in ES processing industries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Analyze Australia's engineered stone ban using Kingdon's multiple streams framework (MSF).
  • Investigate how the silicosis crisis gained policy agenda priority.
  • Examine the convergence of problem framing, solutions, and politics in enabling the ban.

Main Methods:

  • Qualitative case study approach.
  • Thematic analysis of government reports, consultations, media, advocacy materials, and expert insights.
  • Structured analysis around MSF's problem, policy, and politics streams.

Main Results:

  • Problem stream: Silicosis framed as a public health emergency affecting young workers.
  • Policy stream: Evolved policy options driven by sustained union, professional, and researcher advocacy.
  • Political stream: Bipartisan support, low industry resistance, and minimal economic impact facilitated change, creating a policy window.

Conclusions:

  • Policy change achieved through alignment of evidence, political will, and advocacy.
  • Key enablers included strategic problem framing, limited industry opposition, and political feasibility.
  • Kingdon's MSF effectively explains the convergence of factors leading to occupational health reform.