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Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Intramucosal Inoculation of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells in Mice for Tumor Immune Profiling and Treatment Response Assessment
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Emerging options and future strategies in immunotherapy for advanced lung squamous-cell carcinoma

Y Wang1, R Rosell2, F R Hirsch3

  • 1Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.

Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology
|November 19, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Advanced lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) treatment faces challenges. Novel immunotherapies, including multi-specific antibodies and AI-driven approaches, show promise for improving patient outcomes and overcoming resistance to current therapies.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Advanced-stage lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) presents significant therapeutic challenges.
  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have improved LUSC treatment, but durable responses are limited to a subset of patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging immunotherapy strategies for advanced-stage LUSC.
  • To outline a roadmap for next-generation immunotherapies in LUSC treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current and emerging immunotherapies for LUSC.
  • Exploration of advances in multi-omics and artificial intelligence for personalized immunotherapy.
  • Analysis of novel therapeutic modalities including multi-specific antibodies, fusion proteins, antibody-drug conjugates, adoptive cell therapies, and cancer vaccines.

Main Results:

  • Emerging immunotherapies demonstrate early promise for LUSC patients.
  • Multi-omics and AI offer potential for precise immunotherapy by analyzing the tumor immune microenvironment and predicting treatment response.
  • Next-generation strategies focus on multi-target therapies and refined patient selection.

Conclusions:

  • The future of LUSC treatment involves combining multi-target biological therapies with innovative technologies.
  • Boosting immune cytotoxicity and improving patient selection are key to advancing LUSC immunotherapy.
  • A roadmap for next-generation immunotherapies is crucial for overcoming therapeutic challenges in LUSC.
Keywords:
immunotherapylung squamous-cell carcinomamulti-target therapypersonalized treatmenttumor-immune microenvironment

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