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Cervical mucosal inflammation expands functional polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells.

Daan K J Pieren1, Aleix Benítez-Martínez1, Vicente Descalzo1

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Mucosal Immunology
|November 19, 2025
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Summary

Female genital tract infections are linked to increased myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), specifically polymorphonuclear MDSCs. These cells, stimulated by IL-1β, suppress immune responses, potentially increasing susceptibility to other infections.

Keywords:
Bacterial vaginosisCervical mucosaChlamydia trachomatisFemale genital tract infectionsImmune suppressionMyeloid-derived suppressor cells

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Gynecology

Background:

  • The female genital tract's mucosal immune system is crucial for microbial balance.
  • Imbalances can lead to adverse health outcomes and increased infection susceptibility.
  • Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) roles in female genital tract conditions are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and function of MDSCs in the female genital tract during infection.
  • To explore the relationship between MDSCs, specific infections, and inflammatory markers.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of polymorphonuclear (PMN-) MDSC frequencies in cervical mucosa from women with various infections.
  • Correlation analysis between PMN-MDSC frequencies and IL-1β levels.
  • Ex vivo experiments exposing cervical tissue to Chlamydia trachomatis and patient-derived cervicovaginal lavage fluid.
  • Assessment of MDSC suppressive mediator expression and function on cytotoxic T-cells.

Main Results:

  • PMN-MDSC frequencies were elevated in cervical mucosa of women with Chlamydia trachomatis infection, bacterial vaginosis, or coinfection, but not HPV infection.
  • Mucosal PMN-MDSC levels correlated with IL-1β.
  • Ex vivo exposure to C. trachomatis or patient lavage fluid increased PMN-MDSCs and IL-1β.
  • Cervical MDSCs exhibited immunosuppressive activity against cytotoxic T-cells.

Conclusions:

  • Increased IL-1β-stimulated PMN-MDSCs are identified as immunosuppressive mediators in female genital tract infections.
  • These findings suggest a mechanism by which MDSCs may modulate susceptibility to secondary infections in the female genital tract.