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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy
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Foreperiod and Response Complexity Effects on Movement-Related Potentials.

Yuta Kimura1, Steven A Hackley2, Hiroaki Masaki3

  • 1Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan.

Psychophysiology
|November 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A neutral warning signal (WS) speeds voluntary reactions by influencing sensorimotor cortex activity, specifically motor preparation and execution. This finding resolves a long-standing debate in attention and action research.

Keywords:
N‐40 decision componentlateralized readiness potentialssensorimotor cortexsurface Laplacian wavestemporal attentionwarning effects

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Motor Control
  • Human Reaction Time

Background:

  • A debate exists on whether warning signals improve reaction speed through motor preparation or execution.
  • Previous studies have not fully clarified the role of warning signals in motor response modulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if warning signals (WS) speed voluntary reactions by enhancing motor preparation and execution.
  • To examine the influence of foreperiod duration on sensorimotor cortex activity during reaction time tasks.

Main Methods:

  • Measured hand-specific sensorimotor cortex activity using the lateralized readiness potential (LRP).
  • Employed localized current source density (surface Laplacian waves) to analyze cortical activity contralateral and ipsilateral to the response hand.
  • Manipulated foreperiod duration between the WS and reaction stimulus.

Main Results:

  • Foreperiod duration significantly influenced sensorimotor cortex activity, as indicated by LRP.
  • Speeding of late motoric processes was observed when analyzing cortical activity with surface Laplacians.
  • Findings were not fully explained by alternative hypotheses like CNV baseline correction or the aperture problem.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides evidence that warning signals facilitate motor preparation and execution, resolving a key debate in attention and action literature.
  • Surface Laplacians offer a valuable method for observing late motoric process facilitation, particularly in sequential responses.
  • The findings highlight the complex interplay between attention, preparation, and motor execution in voluntary reactions.