Mechanisms and Research Progress of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Modulating Neural Plasticity for Neuroregeneration

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), particularly those exhibiting superparamagnetism and biocompatibility, have garnered significant interest in the biomedical field due to their unique physicochemical properties. Recent studies have shown that MNPs can modulate neural plasticity by influencing key signaling pathways such as BDNF (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor) and the PI3K/Akt pathway, critical for neuronal growth, synaptic connectivity, and functional recovery. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms through which MNPs interact with neural tissues, highlighting the diversity of nanoparticle types (eg, iron oxide, gold, and carbon-based nanoparticles) and their applications in neurodegenerative disease treatment and neural regeneration. Despite the immense potential of MNPs in neurodegenerative disease treatment, this review also compares them with traditional interventions, discussing their advantages and limitations. Additionally, it addresses key challenges, particularly the difficulty of overcoming the blood-brain barrier, and issues related to biocompatibility, toxicity, and long-term safety. In clinical applications, ethical concerns, such as patient informed consent and long-term risks, must also be considered alongside efficacy and safety. This review offers insights into these challenges and provides a framework for future research, aiming to accelerate the clinical integration of MNP-based neurotherapies.