Effects of Pregnancy on Oral Health: A Narrative Review

Pregnancy induces significant physiological and hormonal changes that can affect oral health. These changes can worsen existing oral conditions or lead to the development of new conditions such as pregnancy gingivitis, periodontal diseases, and dental caries. This review explores the various factors responsible for these conditions, such as changes in immunological response, oral environment, increased levels of steroid hormones, and nutritional deficits. Periodontal diseases that are left untreated during pregnancy are also seen to be associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. On the other hand, dental caries is further exacerbated due to salivary changes in the oral cavity of pregnant women. Hence, a comprehensive management of oral health during pregnancy should focus on prevention, patient education, and safe management of existing conditions. Dental treatment should be provided following the recommended guidelines for the different stages of pregnancy, with the second trimester being the safest for most procedures. A strong collaboration between dental professionals and prenatal care providers is essential for ensuring optimal maternal and fetal health. However, the presence of socioeconomic challenges, such as a lack of awareness and restricted access to dental treatment, underscores the need for developing targeted interventions and innovative solutions for delivering oral health education and preventive care to pregnant women.