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First-generation college students' hope for change through counseling: a comparative study.

Theodore T Bartholomew1,2, Candace Tsai1, Lizbeth Valdivia-Jauregui3

  • 1Department of Psychology, Scripps College, Claremont, CA, USA.

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|November 20, 2025
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Summary

First-generation college students face barriers to mental health services. Despite similar hope and attitudes towards counseling, they utilize services less than peers, highlighting a need for targeted support.

Keywords:
First-generation college studentshelp-seekinghope for counseling

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Higher Education Studies
  • Sociology

Background:

  • First-generation college students are a growing demographic in US higher education.
  • This population often experiences increased psychological distress and lower utilization of campus mental health services.
  • Existing literature identifies barriers such as unfamiliarity with institutions, belongingness issues, and financial difficulties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the underutilization of counseling services by first-generation college students compared to continuing-generation students.
  • To explore the role of hope for counseling as a potential factor in service utilization.
  • To examine attitudes towards help-seeking and stigma among first-generation college students.

Main Methods:

  • A quantitative study involving 518 participants (312 first-generation college students) from two higher education institutions.
  • Data collection included measures of attitudes towards help-seeking, stigma of help-seeking, hope for counseling, and psychological stress.
  • Comparative analysis between first-generation and continuing-generation college students.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences were found in hope for counseling, stigma of help-seeking, or general attitudes towards help-seeking between first-generation and continuing-generation students.
  • First-generation college students reported significantly lower current utilization of counseling services.
  • Psychological stress levels were not detailed in the provided abstract summary.

Conclusions:

  • The underutilization of counseling services by first-generation college students is not explained by lower hope or more negative attitudes towards help-seeking.
  • Despite similar psychological profiles regarding help-seeking, first-generation students use services less, indicating systemic or contextual barriers.
  • Further research and targeted support strategies are needed to address the service utilization gap for first-generation college students.