Phase-Separating Proteins in Plants and Methods Used to Study Them

In order for a variety of biochemical processes to take place efficiently within the same cell, the existence of discrete areas within the cell is essential. In addition to encapsulated organelles, these include membraneless bio-molecular condensates, dynamically changing structures formed from proteins and nucleic acids. These condensates are often formed by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Numerous scientific reports in recent years have indicated that liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is an important mechanism allowing plants to identify various biotic and abiotic stresses and respond to them. The following paper reviews the methods currently used to study macromolecular condensates and the function of proteins undergoing LLPS in plants.