Sustainable electrochemical platform for monitoring COVID-19 therapeutics based on copper-cobalt-ferrite...

Molnupiravir (MPV) is used to reduce the risk of COVID-19 progression by inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication. In this study, an accurate electrochemical method for MPV determination was developed using a carbon paste electrode modified with copper-cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (Cu₀.₇₅Co₀.₂₅Fe₂O₄/CPE). The modified sensor demonstrated high stability and reproducibility, and its structure and performance were evaluated using multiple techniques. A linear square-wave voltammetric response for MPV was obtained in the concentration range of 6.0 × 10^-8-2.0 × 10^-5 M, with a detection limit of 18.4 nM and a quantification limit of 55.7 nM. Because MPV is frequently co-administered with linezolid (LIN) and apixaban (APIX) in COVID-19 therapy, we introduce here, for the first time, a simple electrochemical method for their simultaneous determination in spiked human plasma using a nanoparticle-modified sensor. The method's environmental impact was further assessed using the Analytical Eco-Scale, Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), and the Analytical GREEnness Metric Approach (AGREE), all confirming the sustainability of the developed protocol.