Immunological role of IL-25 on gut-dwelling helminths

Interleukin-25 (IL-25) is a crucial cytokine in coordinating type 2 immunity against gut-dwelling helminths. IL-25 is produced by a variety of cells, including epithelial and immune cells, and primarily stimulates Th2-type immune responses characterized by the release of IL-13, IL-5, and IL-4, which play a vital role in eosinophilia induction, goblet cell hyperplasia, and IgE synthesis. This review critically examines IL-25's role in maintaining intestinal barrier integrity and modulating regulatory immune responses. This review addresses how IL-25 integrates signals from the epithelial interface, immune cells, and gut microbiota to calibrate appropriate host defense while preventing pathological inflammation. Furthermore, this paper presents recent evidence supporting IL-25's therapeutic potential, both as a potential adjuvant therapy to enhance parasite clearance and as a modulator of inflammatory conditions where type 2 immunity proves deficient.