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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Sensing Technologies

Background:

  • Equilibrium sensors are limited by thermodynamic laws.
  • Nonequilibrium systems offer potential for enhanced sensing capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate physical limits of nonequilibrium sensing in bipartite systems.
  • Explore the role of reciprocal and nonreciprocal couplings.
  • Identify mechanisms for improving sensor performance beyond equilibrium limits.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of bipartite systems with varying coupling types.
  • Application of Maxwell demon concept to control subsystem fluctuations.
  • Investigation of fluctuation-dissipation relation violations.

Main Results:

  • Maxwell demon suppresses subsystem fluctuations, enhancing response to perturbations.
  • Nonreciprocal interactions are crucial for violating the fluctuation-dissipation relation.
  • Violations significantly improve signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) beyond equilibrium values.
  • Arbitrarily large low-frequency SNR achievable in linear systems with optimization.

Conclusions:

  • Nonequilibrium sensing, particularly with nonreciprocal interactions, enables enhanced sensor accuracy.
  • Designed sensors can achieve high precision at a finite energetic cost.
  • This work opens avenues for developing advanced, highly sensitive sensors.