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In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...
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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.
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Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
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Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, has been historically misunderstood. Early psychological theories attributed its origins to childhood trauma and unresponsive parenting. However, contemporary research largely rejects these notions, favoring the vulnerability-stress hypothesis. This model proposes that individuals with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may develop the disorder following exposure to significant environmental stressors. Notably, studies on high-risk...
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Suicide Risks Among U.S. College Students: a Time-Series Cross-Sectional Study Examining Institutional

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  • 1Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA. lideng@tamu.edu.

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Student suicide risk increased during COVID-19, especially in later phases. Social activities amplified risk, while family time mitigated it, informing campus prevention strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Psychology
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Suicide is a leading cause of death for U.S. college students.
  • The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated student mental health challenges.
  • Understanding suicide risk factors is crucial for developing targeted prevention strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the impact of institutional characteristics and behavioral factors on college student suicide risk across pandemic phases.
  • To investigate whether behavioral factors moderate the relationship between the pandemic and suicide risk.

Main Methods:

  • Time-series cross-sectional analysis of national survey data from the American College Health Association.
  • Multilevel regression models adjusting for confounders.
  • Examination of institutional factors (locale, region, size, type) and behavioral factors (physical, social activities).

Main Results:

  • Suicide risk significantly increased during the pandemic, peaking in the late phase.
  • Institutional characteristics (region, religious affiliation) and student behaviors (physical and social activities) were significant predictors of suicide risk.
  • Social activities amplified pandemic-related suicide risk, whereas spending time with family mitigated it.

Conclusions:

  • Campus interventions should promote structured, lower-risk social engagement.
  • Targeted strategies (screening, gatekeeper training) and universal programs are needed in high-risk settings.
  • Evidence-informed guidance is provided to create supportive campus environments mitigating suicide risk during public health crises.