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Vector Competence Analyses on Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes using Zika Virus
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West Nile virus unmasked: from gene variability to future challenges
Samuel Prieto-Vega1, Alfredo Berzal-Herranz2, Juan José Garrido3,4
1Virus Evolution Group, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
|November 21, 2025
Summary
West Nile virus (WNV) poses a global health threat, causing millions of infections annually. This review details WNV
Area of Science:
- Virology
- Epidemiology
- Immunology
- Ecology
Background:
- West Nile virus (WNV) is a significant mosquito-borne pathogen with a complex transmission cycle.
- Estimates suggest 4-16 million WNV infections occur annually worldwide, with a notable mortality rate.
- Climate change impacts WNV vector distribution and global spread, increasing public health concerns.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a comprehensive review of West Nile virus (WNV).
- To explore WNV's molecular biology, genetic variability, and evolutionary drivers.
- To discuss ecological dynamics, clinical aspects, and control strategies for WNV.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing literature on WNV molecular biology, transmission, and pathogenesis.
- Analysis of WNV genetic variability, immune evasion, and evolutionary mechanisms.
- Examination of ecological factors, climate change impacts, and epidemiological data.
Main Results:
- WNV genetic variability and quasispecies nature are key to immune evasion and evolution.
- Climate change influences WNV vector distribution and geographic spread.
- Current diagnostics, therapeutics, and emerging control strategies are detailed.
Conclusions:
- Integrated One Health surveillance is crucial for mitigating WNV outbreaks.
- Accelerated vaccine development is essential for future WNV prevention.
- Addressing WNV requires an interdisciplinary approach spanning virology, ecology, and global health.
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