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Time-Gated Raman Spectroscopy Decodes Degradation Pathways in 3,000-Year-Old Ivories: A Fluorescence-Free Approach to

Jinchang Xu1, Qing Xiao2, Yuanyuan Niu1

  • 1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Quantum Electromagnetics, GBA Branch of Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510700, Guangdong, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|November 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Time-gated Raman spectroscopy effectively analyzes ancient ivories, revealing degradation linked to burial conditions. This nondestructive method aids in preserving significant archaeological artifacts.

Keywords:
ArchaeologyFluorescence suppressionHydroxyapatite degradationIvorySanxingdui siteTime-gated Raman spectroscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Archaeometry
  • Materials Science
  • Conservation Science

Background:

  • Archaeological ivories are culturally vital but difficult to analyze due to surface complexity and fluorescence.
  • Traditional analytical methods face challenges in detailed compositional analysis of ancient ivory.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To apply 532 nm time-gated Raman spectroscopy for high-resolution, fluorescence-suppressed analysis of archaeological ivories.
  • To investigate the degradation pathways and microenvironmental influences on ivory samples from Sacrificial Pits No. 3 (K3) and No. 7 (K7).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 532 nm time-gated Raman spectroscopy for detailed compositional analysis.
  • Examined four ivory samples with varying preservation states from Sacrificial Pits K3 and K7.
  • Analyzed for copper corrosion, calcium loss, sulfate substitution, and residual protein content.

Main Results:

  • K3 samples showed copper corrosion, less fluorescence, and calcium loss; K7 samples exhibited sulfate-driven hydroxyapatite degradation.
  • Sulfate substitution correlated with phosphate peak broadening and discoloration, indicating mineral deterioration.
  • Residual protein was detected in all samples, with higher nitrogen content in K3 samples.

Conclusions:

  • Time-gated Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool for nondestructive, spatially resolved analysis of ancient ivory.
  • Burial microenvironments significantly shape ivory degradation pathways, influencing mineral and protein composition.
  • Findings provide crucial insights for the scientific conservation of archaeological ivory artifacts.