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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Teratogenicity

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...

Development of Immunocompetence

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...

Mitral Valve Prolapse III: Nursing Management

Mitral Valve Prolapse III: Nursing Management

The nursing management of Mitral Valve Prolapse, or MVP, centers around patient education, symptom monitoring, and lifestyle modifications.Patient Education on MVP Diagnosis and Heredity: Nurses should provide comprehensive education about MVP, a condition where the mitral valve does not close appropriately during heartbeats. This education often includes the condition's pathophysiology, symptoms, and potential complications, like arrhythmias or mitral regurgitation. Though not fully...

Active versus Passive Immunity

Active versus Passive Immunity

Immunity, along with the ability to limit pathogen growth to prevent significant body tissue damage, can be gained either by (1) actively developing an immune response within the individual after exposure to a pathogen or after getting vaccinated or (2) passively transferring immune components from an immune individual to one who is nonimmune. Both these forms of immunity can be found naturally and in medical practices.
Active Immunity
Active immunity refers to the resistance one develops...

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Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus

Published on: July 31, 2021

[Vaccination in pregnancy].

Ellen Moseholm^1,2, Nina Weis^1,2

¹Infektionsmedicinsk Afdeling, Københavns Universitetshospital - Hvidovre Hospital.

Ugeskrift for Laeger

|November 21, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Vaccines during pregnancy, including for influenza, COVID-19, and pertussis, are safe and effective for mothers and newborns. More research is needed on maternal antibody transfer and optimal vaccination strategies.

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Area of Science:

Obstetrics and Gynecology
Immunology
Public Health

Background:

Vaccination during pregnancy is crucial for protecting maternal and infant health against serious infections.
Routine recommendations include influenza, COVID-19, and pertussis vaccines, offering proven benefits.
Safety considerations exist, with inactivated and recombinant vaccines being safe, while live-attenuated vaccines are contraindicated.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the safety and effectiveness of vaccination during pregnancy.
To highlight the benefits of specific vaccines for mother and child.
To identify gaps in research regarding maternal vaccination.

Main Methods:

This is a review article, synthesizing existing research and clinical recommendations.
It examines data on vaccine safety profiles in pregnant populations.
It assesses the evidence for protective effects conferred by maternal immunization.

Main Results:

Vaccination during pregnancy is confirmed as an effective and safe protective measure.
Recommended vaccines like influenza, COVID-19, and pertussis demonstrate significant benefits for both mother and newborn.
Live-attenuated vaccines are not recommended for pregnant individuals.

Conclusions:

Maternal vaccination is a vital strategy for preventing infectious diseases in pregnant individuals and their infants.
Pregnant individuals' exclusion from clinical trials necessitates further investigation into maternal antibody transfer and optimal vaccination schedules.
Continued research is essential to refine and expand vaccination strategies during pregnancy.