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Related Concept Videos

Effects of EDTA on End-Point Detection Methods01:18

Effects of EDTA on End-Point Detection Methods

Different methods, such as visual observance of metal-ion indicators, spectroscopic techniques, and potentiometric methods, can determine the endpoint of an EDTA titration.
In the visual method, metal-ion indicators (metallochromic dyes), which have distinct colors in their free and complex forms, are added to the mixture to signal the titration's end point. They form stable complexes with metal ions, but these complexes are weaker than the corresponding metal–EDTA complexes. As a result, EDTA...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Mimicking and Measuring Occlusal Erosive Tooth Wear with the "Rub&Roll" and Non-contact Profilometry
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A Clinical Approach Using Scheduled-For-Extraction Teeth to Validate a Classic In Vitro Method to Assess the

Marco Simões-Carvalho1, Gustavo De-Deus1, Maristela Carestiato1

  • 1Department of Endodontics, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

International Endodontic Journal
|November 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study validated an in vitro method for testing electronic apex locators (EALs). The in vitro alginate model showed accuracy and precision comparable to in vivo measurements for determining apical foramen position.

Keywords:
apexapical foramenelectronic apex locatormicro‐CTworking length

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Area of Science:

  • Endodontics
  • Dental Materials Science
  • Diagnostic Imaging

Background:

  • Electronic apex locators (EALs) are crucial for endodontic treatment.
  • Validating in vitro testing methodologies for EALs is essential for reliable clinical application.
  • Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) offers high-resolution imaging for precise anatomical assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To validate a common in vitro methodology for testing EAL performance.
  • To compare the accuracy and precision of an EAL in determining apical foramen position using both clinical (in vivo) and laboratory (in vitro) settings.
  • To assess the reliability of an alginate model in replicating in vivo EAL measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Eleven root canals were assessed using an EAL in a clinical setting.
  • Teeth were subsequently extracted and imaged using micro-CT, with and without the endodontic file in place.
  • In vitro working length measurements were obtained using an alginate model, followed by micro-CT scanning for comparison.
  • Accuracy and precision were evaluated by measuring file tip distance to the apical foramen margin (±0.5 mm tolerance).

Main Results:

  • No statistically significant differences were found in accuracy (p=0.368) or precision (p=0.761) between in vivo and in vitro measurements.
  • Bland-Altman analysis confirmed agreement between the in vivo and in vitro methods (p>0.05).
  • The alginate model accurately reflected the in vivo performance of the EAL.

Conclusions:

  • The in vitro methodology utilizing a freshly mixed alginate model provides consistent accuracy and precision.
  • This in vitro approach effectively replicates in vivo measurements for identifying the apical foramen position.
  • The validated in vitro method serves as a reliable tool for testing EAL performance.