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Olfaction01:25

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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Olfactory Dysfunction and Cognitive Decline: Are They Related?

Concepció Marin1,2, Isam Alobid3,4,5, Mauricio López-Chacón3,4,5

  • 1INGENIO, Multidisciplinary and Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunoallergy (METRI 2 A), Fundació Recerca Clínic Barcelona-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (FRCB-IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. cmarin@recerca.clinic.cat.

Current Allergy and Asthma Reports
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Loss of smell, or olfactory dysfunction, is linked to cognitive decline. Impaired odor identification may predict progression from normal aging to dementia, particularly in inflammatory respiratory diseases.

Keywords:
COVID-19Chronic rhinosinusitisCognitionNeurogenesisOlfactionOlfactory training

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology
  • Aging Research

Background:

  • Olfactory function is closely linked to cognitive health.
  • The severity of smell loss correlates with the rate of cognitive decline.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the relationship between olfactory dysfunction and cognitive decline.
  • To focus on the relevance in type 2 and non-type 2 inflammatory upper respiratory diseases.
  • To highlight the correlation between altered olfaction components and cognitive decline progression to dementia.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies examining olfactory function and cognitive decline.
  • Analysis of the association between olfactory dysfunction and inflammatory upper respiratory diseases.
  • Examination of the link between specific olfactory alterations (e.g., odor identification) and cognitive progression.

Main Results:

  • Olfactory identification impairment is a potential predictor of cognitive decline progression.
  • This progression can range from normal aging to mild cognitive impairment and dementia.
  • The association is relevant in the context of type 2 and non-type 2 inflammatory upper respiratory diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory dysfunction, particularly impaired odor identification, is significantly associated with cognitive decline.
  • This link is relevant for understanding neurodegenerative processes in aging and disease.
  • Further research into olfactory dysfunction may offer insights into early detection and management of cognitive impairment.