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Delirium: a modifiable risk factor for dementia.

Barbara C van Munster1,2, Fijanne Strijkert3,4, Monika Trzpis1,5

  • 1University Medical Center Groningen, Alzheimer Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.

European Geriatric Medicine
|November 21, 2025
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Summary

Delirium is an independent, modifiable risk factor for dementia. Early interventions targeting delirium can potentially reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia.

Keywords:
Cognitive impairmentDeliriumDementiaModifiable risk factorsNeurobiological pathwaysPrevention

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Neurology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • The global burden of dementia necessitates identifying and addressing modifiable risk factors.
  • Delirium is a critical condition that may influence long-term cognitive health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize evidence establishing delirium as an independent, modifiable risk factor for dementia.
  • To explore the epidemiological, neuropsychological, and neurobiological links between delirium and dementia.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of recent epidemiological research.
  • Analysis of neuropsychological studies on cognitive outcomes post-delirium.
  • Synthesis of neurobiological research investigating shared pathways.

Main Results:

  • Evidence indicates an elevated risk of cognitive impairment and dementia following delirium, irrespective of prior cognitive status.
  • Shared neurobiological mechanisms include neuroinflammation, neuronal injury, altered brain metabolism, and network disintegration.
  • Feasibility of multicomponent non-pharmacological interventions to mitigate cognitive decline.

Conclusions:

  • Delirium is confirmed as an independent, modifiable risk factor for dementia.
  • Further research is required to fully understand the underlying neurobiological and protective mechanisms.