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Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
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Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and have instructions for its functioning. The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
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ATP is a highly unstable molecule. Unless quickly used to perform work, ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the free energy released during this process is lost as heat. The energy released by ATP hydrolysis is used to perform work inside the cell and depends on a strategy called energy coupling. Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed.
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Triglycerides are a form of long-term energy storage molecules. They are made of glycerol and three fatty acids. To obtain energy from fat, triglycerides must first be broken down by hydrolysis into their two principal components, fatty acids and glycerol. This process, called lipolysis, takes place in the cytoplasm. The resulting fatty acids are oxidized by β-oxidation into acetyl-CoA, which is used by the Krebs cycle. The glycerol that is released from triglycerides after lipolysis...
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The bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can be broken through the addition of water, releasing one or two phosphate groups in an exergonic process called hydrolysis. This reaction liberates the energy in the bonds for use in the cell—for instance, to synthesize proteins from amino acids.
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Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
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Isolation of Adipose Tissue Nuclei for Single-Cell Genomic Applications
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Adipose tissue releases nucleosides.

Jing Zhang1, Thuc Le2, Veronica Ruiz-Torres1,3

  • 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States.

American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology
|November 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Obese adipose tissue releases nucleosides, contributing to inflammation. This study identified nucleoside release from mouse and human fat cells, revealing a new mechanism driving obesity-related inflammation.

Keywords:
adiposeinflammationmicroenvironmentnucleosidesobesity

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Area of Science:

  • Metabolic disease research
  • Immunology
  • Cell biology

Background:

  • Obesity-induced inflammation, insulin resistance, and comorbidities are poorly understood.
  • Extracellular nucleosides can trigger inflammation via immune cell receptors.
  • Adipose tissue inflammation is a major contributor to obesity-related morbidity and mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify nucleoside release from adipocytes and adipose tissue.
  • To investigate the role of nucleoside release in adipose tissue inflammation in obesity.
  • To characterize the types of nucleosides released and their contribution to inflammatory pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Quantification of nucleoside release from cultured mouse adipocytes and ex vivo adipose tissue.
  • Measurement of interstitial fluid nucleoside concentrations in vivo in mice.
  • Analysis of nucleoside release from human adipose tissue ex vivo.
  • Assessment of extracellular nucleoside-induced inflammatory cytokine expression (Tnfα, Il6, Il1β) in adipose tissue.

Main Results:

  • Cultured mouse adipocytes released various RNA/DNA nucleosides.
  • Obese mouse adipose tissue exhibited higher nucleoside release ex vivo and interstitial fluid concentrations in vivo compared to nonobese controls.
  • Human adipose tissue demonstrated significant release of adenosine/deoxyadenosine, guanosine/deoxyguanosine, and uridine.
  • Extracellular nucleosides stimulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines Tnfα, Il6, and Il1β in adipose tissue.
  • Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) was identified as a contributing pathway for nucleoside release.

Conclusions:

  • Adipocytes release significant amounts of nucleosides, including adenosine, guanosine, and uridine.
  • Increased nucleoside release from adipose tissue in obesity contributes to adipose tissue inflammation.
  • This represents a novel mechanism linking obesity to inflammation and associated comorbidities.