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NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

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A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 10, 2026

20 mJ, 1 ps Yb:YAG Thin-disk Regenerative Amplifier

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Published on: July 12, 2017

Laser-Modulation-Driven X-Ray Pulse Shaping in Regenerative Amplifier Free-Electron Lasers.

Zhen Zhang¹, Jingyi Tang¹, Erik Hemsing¹

¹SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.

Physical Review Letters

|November 21, 2025

Summary

Researchers developed a new method for precisely shaping hard x-ray pulses from regenerative amplifier free-electron lasers (RAFELs). This technique offers control over x-ray properties for advanced scientific applications without altering the laser system.

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Area of Science:

Physics
Laser Science
Materials Science

Background:

Regenerative amplifier free-electron lasers (RAFELs) are advanced light sources.
Generating custom-shaped, coherent hard x-ray pulses is crucial for advanced scientific research.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a robust method for generating custom-shaped, coherent hard x-ray pulses in RAFELs.
To enable deterministic control over spectral and temporal properties of emitted x-rays.

Main Methods:

Utilizing laser-induced energy modulation of the electron beam.
Imprinting a temporally shaped optical modulation to create an energy pattern on the electron beam.
Extracting spectral sidebands generated through interaction with the x-ray cavity seed.

Main Results:

Demonstrated a novel mechanism for output coupling and pulse shaping in RAFELs.
Achieved deterministic control over x-ray pulse properties, including multicolor generation and complex waveforms.
Showcased compatibility with existing RAFEL cavities and high-repetition-rate operation.

Conclusions:

The presented method provides a practical pathway for delivering on-demand, shaped coherent x-ray pulses.
This technique is essential for advancing time-resolved and nonlinear x-ray science.
No modification of the RAFEL cavity or optics is required.