Leveraging No-Code Digital Platforms for Designing an Integrated Smartphone-Based Ecological Momentary Intervention...

The rising burden of disease associated with mental disorders calls for evidence-based psychological interventions that can be swiftly scaled up. Blending smartphone-based mental health apps (MHapps) for delivering ecological momentary interventions (EMIs) with traditional in-person interventions may have the benefits of improving treatment adherence, facilitating the application of learned techniques into everyday life, and, in turn, enhancing clinical response. However, previous work has shown that most existing MHapps were developed for specific research studies or for profit, thereby making them difficult to adapt, particularly in time-limited and resource-constrained settings.

This study aimed to demonstrate how a person-centered and theory-informed MHapp could be developed in a timely and low-cost manner for use as part of blended care, using a phased approach. Given the scarcity of digital mental health interventions for older adults, we adopted a participatory research approach to co-design the blended intervention with 2 groups of older adults.

In Phase 1, we reviewed existing MHapps with consideration of whether they could be adapted by individual researchers or clinicians, their key functions, and whether their efficacy had been tested. "No-code" app builders were additionally reviewed, which may be alternatives if no MHapp can be used. In Phase 2, following the IDEAS (Integrate, Design, Assess, and Share) framework, we built a prototype according to users' needs, with its content informed by theories of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and the Health Action Process Approach. The prototype was then tested and refined over 2 rounds of 3-session co-design workshops with peer supporters (n=8) and service users (n=5) from a stepped-care intervention for older adults with depressive symptoms. Usability testing was conducted with both stakeholder groups in Phase 3.

Of the 149 MHapps identified, only 43 (28.9%) can be publicly downloaded. Four (8.3%) of them can be partially adapted, although no new content can be directly added. We therefore developed the MHapp using m-Path (a spin-off from KU Leuven's Faculty of Psychology), which was the only existing no-code app development platform designed for mental health interventions. A prototype incorporating CBT-based homework and behavior change techniques informed by the Health Action Process Approach was built, with its refined version rated as highly easy to use and acceptable by both stakeholder groups.

By integrating CBT with EMI, we demonstrated the feasibility and acceptability of a novel blended care model for reference in future work. Preliminary findings suggest high usability and clinical relevance, highlighting the potential of leveraging no-code platforms to facilitate scalable, theory-driven interventions that extend mental health support beyond traditional settings. Grounding the blended intervention in evidence-based psychological and health behavior change theories, coupled with user involvement throughout the design process, may improve clinical efficacy and reduce implementation barriers, which are areas for further investigation in future work.