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Anti-virulent Disruption of Pathogenic Biofilms using Engineered Quorum-quenching Lactonases
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Decoding LL-37: Structure and antimicrobial mechanisms against microbial threats.

Alireza Neshani1, Hosna Zare2, Nooshin Sadat Ghiasi1

  • 1Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical and Rehabilitation Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

Infection, Genetics and Evolution : Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics in Infectious Diseases
|November 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Human cathelicidin LL-37 shows broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Further research is needed to address toxicity and stability for therapeutic use against resistant pathogens.

Keywords:
AntibacterialAntifungalAntimicrobial peptideAntiviralCathelicidinLL-37

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Area of Science:

  • Antimicrobial Peptides
  • Drug Discovery
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Antibiotic resistance poses a global health threat, driving the need for novel antimicrobial agents.
  • Human cathelicidin LL-37, an antimicrobial peptide (AMP), exhibits broad-spectrum activity against diverse pathogens.
  • LL-37's potential therapeutic applications are being explored as an alternative to conventional antibiotics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the antimicrobial properties and mechanisms of action of human cathelicidin LL-37.
  • To assess LL-37's efficacy against bacterial, fungal, and viral infections.
  • To identify challenges and future directions for LL-37 as a therapeutic agent.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases.
  • Inclusion criteria focused on studies analyzing LL-37 structure, antimicrobial capabilities, and action mechanisms.
  • Quantitative data from standardized tests for bacterial, fungal, and viral infections were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • LL-37 demonstrates efficacy against over 38 bacterial species, 16 fungal species, and 16 viruses.
  • Key antimicrobial mechanisms include membrane disruption, targeting essential cellular processes, and biofilm inhibition.
  • LL-37 acts through cell wall/membrane damage, oxidative stress induction, cell cycle arrest, and interference with viral replication and entry.

Conclusions:

  • LL-37 holds significant therapeutic promise due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity.
  • Challenges include proteolytic sensitivity and potential toxicity at high concentrations.
  • Future research should focus on developing stable LL-37 analogs, optimizing delivery, and exploring synergistic combinations for multidrug-resistant infections.