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Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Phosphoproteomic Strategy for Profiling Osmotic Stress Signaling in Arabidopsis
Published on: June 25, 2020
H+ -ATPase subunit a3 (MdVHA-a3) orchestrates proton gradient-driven ion homeostasis and salt tolerance via a
Jiayi Ji1, Junzhou Wu2, Yue Sun3
1College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
Abstract:
Soil salinization imposes catastrophic constraints on Malus domestica productivity, primarily through ionic toxicity and osmotic stress that disrupt cellular homeostasis. Salt stress constitutes a primary environmental constraint limiting the geographic distribution, productivity, and yield security of Malus species. Here, we characterize the vacuolar H⁺-ATPases (VHAs) subunit MdVHA-a3 as a master regulator of apple salt adaptation. Systematic analysis revealed that MdVHA-a3 localizes predominantly to the vacuolar membrane, harbors domains highly conserved among plant species, and exhibits elevated expression in young leaves of apple. Moreover, MdVHA-a3 responds transcriptionally to salt stress, and its promoter contains multiple stress-associated cis-acting elements. Transient transformation assays and salt-treated transgenic calli further confirm that MdVHA-a3 significantly enhances salt tolerance in apple seedlings and calli, concomitant with accelerated Na+/H+ efflux and upregulated expression of key salt tolerance genes. Collectively, MdVHA-a3 mitigates salt stress by regulating H+ and Na+ ion transport and augmenting antioxidant enzyme activities. This work nominates MdVHA-a3 as a modular breeding chassis for engineering salinity-resilient apple rootstock.
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