Gelatin-based dual-network hydrogel with multifunctional bioactive properties for enhanced diabetic wound healing

Chronic diabetic wounds, characterized by persistent oxidative stress, compromised microcirculation, and high infection risk, present major clinical challenges. To address this, we developed a double-network Gel-Fe/Cu-TA hydrogel by incorporating copper-tannic acid nanoparticles (Cu-TA NPs) into a gelatin-ferric ion (GelFe³⁺) matrix. This design endows the hydrogel with enhanced mechanical strength, sustained antioxidant and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities, and a controlled release of Cu²⁺ to stimulate angiogenesis. In vivo studies confirmed that the hydrogel significantly accelerates tissue regeneration in diabetic wounds and exhibits excellent biocompatibility. This work highlights the pivotal role of a double-network architecture in engineering multifunctional Gel-based hydrogels for advanced wound management.