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Untangling causality in nephrology: the example of CKD-MBD and disease progression

Solène M Laville1, Sophie Liabeuf1

  • 1Pharmacoepidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Amiens-Picardie University Medical Center, Amiens, France; Mécanismes Physiopathologiques et Conséquences des Calcifications Cardiovasculaires (MP3CV) Laboratory, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France.

Kidney International
|November 21, 2025
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