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Related Concept Videos

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig discovered the pinacol coupling reaction in 1859. It is a radical dimerization reaction and involves the reductive coupling of aldehydes or ketones in the presence of hydrocarbon solvent to yield vicinal diols.
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Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives
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One-Pot Stille Coupling Homopolymerization Toward Bithiophene-Quinoxaline Copolymers with Reduced Sequence Defects.

Hyeonwoo Jung1, Kyohei Nakano1, Keisuke Tajima1

  • 1RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|November 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Minimizing sequence defects in donor-acceptor copolymers through homocoupling significantly enhances charge transport. This strategy reveals intrinsic electronic properties, leading to higher hole mobilities in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs).

Keywords:
copolymershomocoupling defectshomopolymerizationorganic-field-effect-transistorsstille polymerization

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Electronics
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymers are crucial for organic electronics.
  • Main-chain sequence defects can impede charge transport in these polymers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of sequence defects in bithiophene-quinoxaline (BTQ) copolymers on charge transport.
  • To compare polymerization routes for controlling sequence defects and their effects.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized BTQ copolymers using conventional heterocoupling and homopolymerization (Stille coupling).
  • Characterized polymer structure and defects using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.
  • Analyzed electronic and structural properties via UV-vis, PYS, UPS, and GIWAXS.
  • Fabricated organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) to measure charge mobility.

Main Results:

  • Homocoupled BTQ polymers were defect-free, while heterocoupled ones contained sequence defects.
  • Absence of defects improved backbone ordering, crystallinity, and narrowed HOMO DOS.
  • OFETs with defect-free BTQ showed 3.5x higher hole mobility compared to defective ones.

Conclusions:

  • Minimizing sequence defects via homocoupling is vital for achieving high charge mobility in D-A copolymers.
  • This approach effectively unveils the intrinsic electronic properties of π-conjugated polymers.
  • Homocoupling offers a strategic pathway for designing high-performance organic electronic materials.