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Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model
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Microalbuminuria among HIV/AIDS patients in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Ousman Mohammed1, Habtu Debash2, Melaku Ashagrie Belete2

  • 1Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia. ousmanabum@gmail.com.

BMC Infectious Diseases
|November 22, 2025
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

Microalbuminuria, an early sign of kidney disease, affects over one-fourth of HIV patients in Africa. Early screening for this condition in HIV-infected individuals is crucial for preventing advanced renal complications.

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Chronic kidney disease incidence is rising among HIV-seropositive individuals.
  • Microalbuminuria is a key precursor to HIV-related renal disease.
  • Early detection and intervention can prevent end-stage renal disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the pooled prevalence of microalbuminuria among HIV patients in Africa.
  • To provide data for early detection and intervention strategies.
  • To highlight the burden of subclinical kidney disease in this population.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate).
  • Heterogeneity was assessed using I² and Cochran's Q test; publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger's regression test.
  • A random-effects model was used to estimate pooled prevalence, with sensitivity and subgroup analyses performed.

Main Results:

  • The meta-analysis included 16 studies with 3588 participants.
  • The overall pooled prevalence of microalbuminuria in African HIV patients (adults and children) was 22.25%.
  • Prevalence was higher in females (22.68%) than males (15.84%) and similar between ART users (22.32%) and non-users (19.41%).

Conclusions:

  • Over one-fourth of HIV-infected patients exhibit microalbuminuria, indicating a significant burden of subclinical kidney disease.
  • Routine screening for microalbuminuria in HIV patients is recommended.
  • Early identification can mitigate the risk of progressive renal complications.
Keywords:
Acquired immunodeficiency syndromeHuman immunodeficiency virusMeta-analysisMicroalbuminuria

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