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A Sacrificial 3D Printed Vessel-on-Chip Demonstrates a Versatile Approach to Model Granulation Tissue.

Jonas Jäger1,2, Phil Berger3, Andrew I Morrison1,2

  • 1Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Advanced Healthcare Materials
|November 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a 3D printing method to create vascularized organ-on-a-chip models. This technique enables immune cell migration and nutrient transport, advancing in vitro human tissue engineering for disease research.

Keywords:
3D printingimmunologymicrofluidicstissue engineeringvascularization

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Microfluidics

Background:

  • Perfused vasculature is essential for in vitro organ models to overcome nutrient diffusion limitations and enable immune cell interactions.
  • Generating vascularized models is challenging due to complexity and the need for integrated flow systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for creating vascularized, immunocompetent connective tissue matrices on-chip using 3D printing and multi-organ-chip technology.
  • To overcome limitations in generating complex vascular networks in organ-on-a-chip systems.

Main Methods:

  • A 3D printed, sacrificial, water-dissolvable structure was used within a multi-organ-chip to create hollow channels in collagen/fibrin hydrogels.
  • Channels were subsequently populated with endothelial cells, and different fibrin concentrations mimicked healthy and granulation tissues.
  • Vessels were perfused, and metabolic conditions were monitored; monocytes were introduced to assess immune cell behavior.

Main Results:

  • Stable metabolic and viability conditions were maintained for 7 days in the perfused vascularized tissue models.
  • High fibrin concentrations promoted angiogenic sprouting and increased secretion of angiogenic cytokines.
  • Monocytes successfully differentiated into macrophages and migrated across the endothelium into the engineered tissue.

Conclusions:

  • This versatile and accessible method for patterning hydrogels in multi-organ-chips facilitates the creation of next-generation vascularized, immunocompetent human organ models.
  • The developed platform offers new avenues for studying health and disease states in vitro.
  • The technique addresses key challenges in vascularization for advanced organ-on-a-chip applications.