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Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation
Published on: February 28, 2021
Trunk Muscle Differentiation and Growth in Vertebrates
Damian Lewandowski1, Małgorzata Daczewska2
1Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.
Abstract:
Skeletal muscles in vertebrates are highly specialised tissues. Their development involves cell cycle withdrawal, cellular fusion, and differentiation into multinucleated muscle fibres. Most insights into trunk muscle development have been derived from studies on both anamniotic and amniotic model species, revealing numerous similarities across species. However, valuable perspectives on the evolutionary aspects of myogenesis have been obtained from research on non-model vertebrates. Despite variations in spatiotemporal gene expression and morphology, the goal is to develop multinucleated, fully functional trunk muscles.
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