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Related Concept Videos

Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test01:23

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The Hinsberg test is a method to identify primary, secondary and tertiary amines, named after its pioneer, Oscar Hinsberg. Here, amines are treated with benzenesulfonyl chloride, also known as the Hinsberg reagent, in the presence of an excess of aqueous base, followed by acidification. Based on the nature of the amines, different changes are observed.
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To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Measuring Microbial Mutation Rates with the Fluctuation Assay
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Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test: Ames Test.

Divyansh Sharma1, Sakshi Mishra1, Gaurav Jha1,2

  • 1Genotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|November 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Ames test is a cost-effective bacterial gene mutation assay used to evaluate chemical mutagenicity. It detects reverse mutations in bacterial strains, aiding in safety assessments of various substances.

Keywords:
ICHMutagenicityOECDPlate incorporation assayPreincubation assayS9 fraction

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Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Genetics
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Mutations, including gene mutations, can occur in various cell types.
  • Evaluating chemical mutagenic potential is vital for safety.
  • The Ames test is a widely used, reliable, and affordable toxicology assay.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the Ames test as a method for assessing chemical mutagenicity.
  • To explain the mechanisms and variations of the Ames test.
  • To highlight its importance in genetic toxicology and regulatory evaluations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizes modified Salmonella typhimurium or Escherichia coli strains dependent on amino acids.
  • Detects reverse mutations that restore amino acid synthesis.
  • Employs two primary methods: plate incorporation assay and preincubation assay, often with S9 metabolic activation.

Main Results:

  • The Ames test identifies mutagenic potential by assessing the development of revertant colonies.
  • It can detect different mutation types, such as frameshift and base-pair substitutions.
  • Standardized protocols exist via organizations like OECD and ICH.

Conclusions:

  • The Ames test is a foundational tool in genetic toxicology.
  • It provides a reliable screening method for the mutagenicity of industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and environmental agents.
  • Its robustness and cost-effectiveness ensure its continued use in safety evaluations.