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Related Concept Videos

Boundary Layer Characteristics01:18

Boundary Layer Characteristics

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When a fluid encounters a solid surface, a boundary layer forms due to the interaction between the fluid's motion and the stationary surface. This phenomenon is characterized by a thin region adjacent to the surface where viscous forces dominate, influencing the fluid's velocity profile. The development of the boundary layer begins at the leading edge of the surface and evolves as the fluid moves downstream.As the fluid flows over the surface, friction between the fluid and the wall slows down...
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Precipitation Processes01:12

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Variation of Atmospheric Pressure01:18

Variation of Atmospheric Pressure

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Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the decreasing gravitational force per unit area as we move away from the surface of the earth.
Assuming the air temperature is constant at a given altitude and that the ideal gas law of thermodynamics describes the atmosphere to a good approximation, one can find the variation of atmospheric pressure with height.
Let p(y) be the atmospheric pressure at...
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General External Flow Characteristics01:26

General External Flow Characteristics

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The study of external flow is essential for creating structures and objects that interact efficiently and safely with moving fluids, such as air or water. When a body is immersed in a flowing fluid, it experiences two primary forces: drag, which opposes motion along the flow direction, and lift, which acts perpendicular to the flow. The shape, size, and orientation of the object influence these forces.Streamlined and Blunt Bodies in External FlowObjects in fluid flow are classified as...
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Plane Potential Flows01:23

Plane Potential Flows

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Plane potential flows simplify fluid motion by assuming the fluid to be irrotational and incompressible. These characteristics allow these flows to be described by a velocity potential function, ϕ, representing the flow speed in a given direction, and a stream function, ψ, that visualizes the flow path, both governed by Laplace's equation. These parameters help in estimating flow patterns, velocity distributions, and pressure fields around various hydraulic structures.
Uniform...
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What is Weather?01:07

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface
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Westerly jet waviness modulates mid-latitude hydroclimate variability.

Liangqing Cheng1, Jingran Zhang2, Yubin Wu3,4

  • 1Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.

Nature Communications
|November 23, 2025
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Mid-latitude hydroclimate variability, driven by westerly jet shifts, increased before 3 million years ago due to Arctic warming. Future global warming may amplify these extremes, threatening vulnerable ecosystems.

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Area of Science:

  • Paleoclimatology
  • Climate Dynamics
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Mid-latitude ecological environments face threats from hydroclimate variability.
  • Understanding the drivers of this variability is limited by short observational records and climate model biases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reconstruct a long-term precipitation record for mid-latitude East Asia.
  • To investigate the mechanisms controlling past hydroclimate variability and its future implications.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of a 300.8-meter fluvio-lacustrine sediment core from northern China.
  • Development of a sub-millennial resolution precipitation record spanning ~5.7 million years.
  • Idealized sensitivity simulations to test hypotheses regarding climate drivers.

Main Results:

  • A persistent influence of the westerly jet on mid-latitude precipitation since the Pliocene.
  • Reduced mid-latitude precipitation variability after ~3 million years ago, coinciding with amplified low-latitude variability.
  • Attribution of pre-3 Ma variability to enhanced westerly jet waviness driven by Arctic warming.

Conclusions:

  • Arctic warming historically amplified mid-latitude hydroclimate variability through increased jet waviness.
  • Projected future global warming may increase jet waviness, leading to more frequent hydroclimate extremes in mid-latitudes.
  • These findings highlight the vulnerability of mid-latitude ecosystems to future climate change.